Unfair practice procedure Free Essays

This occasion was held as bit of the on-going help made accessible to scholarly schools to back up steady use of the Unfair Practice Procedure, and to partition design in the use of literary theft detecting devices and plans that help maintain a strategic distance from copyright infringement. The occasion was isolated into the three components beneath: A summarize of the utilization made of the Unfair Practice Procedure, and a chance to talk issues starting from this ; Conversation of the use made of Turnitin and the online apparatuses that can help raise awareness of copyright infringement ; A short introduction by three International Students on the various assaults to break down they have experienced before come ining UK higher guidance. 1 ) The Unfair Practice Procedure A summarize of the occasions considered by the University Committee of Enquiry was introduced, alongside the accessible informations on the occurrences considered inside schools, and comments made by External Examiners on this issue. We will compose a custom exposition test on Uncalled for training methodology or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Little gathering treatment followed between members, which drove a figure of issues being recognized that identify with the Committee of Enquiry. These incorporated the situation of certain schools that the Committee has been unnecessarily tolerant in certain examples, and that the processs utilized by the Committee remain truly frightening to staff included. It was noticed this has brought about certain schools being reluctant to utilize the procedure. 2 ) Prevention and Detection Tools A concise introduction was given of an extent of online apparatuses that are accessible to back up Cardiff understudies in this nation, including the A ; lsquo ; Student Guide to Academic Integrity ‘ , A ; lsquo ; Plagiarism Learning Objects inside the Information Literacy Resource Bank ‘ , and the A ; lsquo ; Plagiarism and How to Avoid it ‘ instructional exercise now accessible through Blackboard. This was trailed by treatment of the expanded use that is being made of the Turnitin written falsification detecting bundle, and of the issues that encompass its use. Focuses beginning from this treatment incorporated the interest to be aware of potential increases in evaluation related removal, and the conceivable estimation of the instrument to back up developmental examinations. 3 ) The View of International Students Following a summarize of the study designs that global students have admitted to, the closing bit of the workshop saw three worldwide understudies offer their situation on the distinctive social and study conventions that exist in the UK contrasted and their place states, and the varying standpoints of their present schools and bolster systems accessible. The positions gave reverberation the ongoing examination discoveries, which have featured the extent of various difficulties that worldwide understudies face in this nation. These incorporate conventions that attention on a social perspective where respect for betters and seniors is principal, a complement on repetition obtaining, and a point of convergence on different pick requests and investigations that depend on memory. The occasion closed by seeing that larning to run inside western scholarly shows, for universal students, is related to larning another semantic correspondence. the assets connected to from this page have been gathered to help scholastic staff when they speculate a low example has taken topographic point in a coursework evaluation. The undermentioned assets can be gotten to from this page: Unjustifiable Practice †Staff Guidance [ 83.2 Kb ] This note covers the undermentioned nations: meaning of uncalled for design, how to hinder unreasonable example in coursework, and the stairss that must be followed when an out of line design is suspected. The Unfair Practice Regulations as definite in the Academic Regulations Handbook. These contain inside informations of the procedure that must be utilized. TheTurnitin Plagiarism Detection Service is an on-line instrument that can help place instances of out of line design. Data and exhortation about getting to the administration is availablehere. Another individual occasion record has been received for instances of unjustifiable example. Stream outlines have other than been created to help steer staff through the procedure. These can be gotten to from the assets development. A set-up of standard letters has been given to help staff associated with the use of the new Unfair Practice Procedure. The undermentioned message templets are accessible to download from the Resources development of this page: Letter 1: Unfair Practice Co-ordinator ask foring student to go to a gathering Letter 2: Unfair Practice Co-ordinator coordinating understudy the notes of the gathering Letter 3: Chair of Exam Board to understudy who neglected to go to the underlying gathering Letter 4: Chair of Exam Board to understudy where the assurance is that crooked example has occured, and instructing student with respect to the discipline Letter 5: Chair of Exam Board to understudy where the assurance is that no crooked example happened and no farther move will be made 5.0Unfair example in a conventional investigation: introductory stages 5.1 When it is thought of or suspected that a campaigner is indicting in low example, the campaigner will be educated, sooner within the sight of a witness, that the fortunes will be accounted for. The campaigner will, by and by, be permitted to go on the examination and any ensuing investigation ( s ) without predisposition to any assurance that might be taken. Inability to give such an admonition will non, in any case, bias ensuing procedures. At the point when proper, the invigilator will seize and hold grounds partner to any supposed out of line examination design, so it is accessible to any resulting test. The invigilator will each piece in the blink of an eye as conceivable investigation the fortunes in creation, with any grounds held, to the Superintendent of Examinations, who will in twist advise the Chair regarding the important Examining Board. In the example of a preliminary adding to the finishing up workforce outcome, which is directed under the protection of the segment, the invigilator will portray to the Chair of the Examining Board, who in twist will depict to the Overseer 5.2 Suspected low example recognized during or after the marker time frame An inside or outside analyzer or whatever other person who, in the case of during the stamping time frame or later, considers or suspects that a campaigner has occupied with an unreasonable example, will depict the issue in making to the Chair out of the applicable Examining Board each piece in the blink of an eye as could be expected under the circumstances. The Chair will hold any applicable grounds and will forthwith consider the undertaking in making to the Superintendent out of Examinations. The Overseer of Examinations will so make the move endorsed underneath. 5.3Further move to be made by the Superintendent of Examinations On gathering of an investigation refering a claim of low example, the Superintendent of Examinations will talk the undertaking with the Chair of the pertinent Examining Board to discover whether, in the obvious radiation of the considerable number of fortunes, a Prima facie case has been built up. On the off chance that it is concluded that no farther activity against the campaigner ought to be taken, the Chair of the pertinent Examining Board will, where proper, advise the campaigner in creating that the issue is shut. Whenever fulfilled that such an example exists, the Superintendent will portray the case in creating to the Registrar and will direct to him/her transcripts of any important supporting grounds. The procedure demonstrated will so run as portrayed. The Registrar will educate the campaigner in initiation regarding the charge, and that a Committee of Inquiry will be established to see the example. The campaigner ‘s going to will be attracted to the Academic Regulation on Unfair Practice. Contentss Meaning of Unfair Practice|Unfair Practice in a Formal Examination †Initial Stages|All Cases of Unfair Practice in Work Completed Under Non-examinable Conditions|School Level Cases|Appeals against an occasion at School level|Cases to be alluded to the University ‘s Committee of Enquiry|Unfair design in work finished in Taught Master ‘s Dissertations and Research Degree Theses †Initial Stages|Establishment of the University ‘s Committee of Enquiry to cover with cases of Unfair Practice|Functions of the Committee|Procedure during the meeting|Penalties accessible to the # Committee for low example in investigation conditions|Penalties accessible to the Committee of Enquiry in occurrences of Unfair Practice in non-assessment conditions|Penalties accessible to the Committee in cases of Unfair Practice in Research grades ( including Part II Taught Masters grades ) |Action to be taken after the Committee of Enquiry|Appeals The most effective method to refer to Unfair practice strategy, Essay models

Airline Industry The Impact Of Deregulation -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Airline Industry The Impact Of Deregulation? Answer: Presentation The travel industry is one of the significant business that has helped in the financial development of a country. The travel industry is the way an individual travel for delight and for any business purposes (Westcott, 2012). Today, the travel industry has gotten one of the significant wellspring of salary since it helps in a critical position of installments of a country. Similarly, an interrelationship is characterized as when any business begin working with different organizations in which they have solid interrelationships and one can't be effective with the assistance of other. There are a few issues which are as yet not satisfactory and a country must chip away at it to kill those issues. There are likewise significant patterns that assisted the travel industry with standing on the top (Kangut, 2012). I have discovered that there are numerous components that adversy affect this industry which must be thought about. Rising patterns and its future effects Voyagers have expressed that the cost engaged with the voyaging and other extra charges are expanding step by step which at last lessens the quantity of explorers to visit any goal. In the ongoing years, the aircraft business has decreased the measure of charges and controlled their spending plans by concentrating on the sack check expenses and other many paying expenses (Kalyanaraman, 2015). Prior, the tolls for voyaging were exceptionally comprehensive and they used to concentrate on the goal as opposed to concentrating on the significant expenses. However, today, it has more centered around cost instead of concentrating on the goal. (Elliott, 2014). In spite of the considerable number of issues, aircrafts industry are likewise offering a few choices which will be founded on the aggregate sum a voyager wishes to contribute and it has additionally given the simple access to abroad voyaging. The understanding among Chinese and Australian government has given guide in this industry and planned for decreasing the dull excursion for an explorer (Cameron, 2013). Monetary development The travel industry in Australia in unequivocally developing and has likewise added to the financial development. It has emphatically developed over the most recent two decades on the grounds that the complete number of guests is multiplied from 1992 to 2014. The all out number of global guests were 2.5 million in the year 1992 which brought about 6.7 million out of 2014. This shows the travel industry in Australia has developed with some huge changes. The travel industry is one of the significant wellspring of pay which assists with expanding the GDP of the nation (Burkhard, 2016). There are a few changes in the Australian air terminal which made a positive effect on the voyagers experience of the air terminal. The significant changes can be found in the Brisbane Airport which was engaged with a few tasks worth $3.8 billion. It planned for extending a few terminals and vehicle leaving too. In like manner, Canberra Airport is additionally redeveloping itself by presenting more food and drinks stores and overseeing kids zone with the goal that children can have a fabulous time during the interims. The administration of Australia is likewise going to put $3 billion in building the following air terminal in Sydney in mid 2020s (Narendra, 2013). Innovation upliftment There is a colossal change that can be seen in the travel industry part and of the significant changes can be seen is the adjustments in the advancements. The innovation of cell phones has changed the entire country and today a voyager can design their outings on telephones. They are given the office to look and plan as indicated by their prerequisites and spending plans (Glion, 2017). A few flights are accessible at modest rates which covers the 60% of the client requests and furthermore assists with creating 40% of the income. Cell phone has made the explorers to design their spontaneous outings inside a tick. An explorer simply need to pull out their telephone and get a cost and book the tickets. The message cautions and spring up messages can generally be seen on ones cell phones. I have additionally by and by encountered the utilization of cell phone to support the travel industry (Lenior, 2016). I was wanting to go to a show and I looked on it about the setting and the timings. It would have been held in New York. For whatever length of time that I was looking for all the insights about the show, there was a spring up messages and a pursuit window where trips to New York were seen that would coordinate the timings of the show also. One can book the flight immediately and go to the occasion with no putting a lot of time in looking more choices. Decrease of the conventional occasion Travel has become a pattern in the todays period. In light of the updates in the innovation, one can perceive what number of individuals are anticipating travel for a particular reasons. There can be numerous reasons as referenced beneath. Living like a nearby: This has given an upliftment to the individuals who have made a trip to increase customized understanding and bona fide experience also. Airbnb offers the types of assistance that takes the explorer from their goal to another city. They either travel for barely any days, not many weeks or not many months and have some good times and addition bunches of encounters. Working occasion: There are numerous individuals who want to join two exercises in one for example going alongside working. This has become another pattern to work and travel. Such kind of excursions is known as bleisure trip. Bleisure trips are the excursions which are performing various tasks in nature where you pick work alongside your massive sacks. In such excursions a voyager by and large conveys PCs with them so they can utilize it whenever and complete their work alongside the outings. I for one accept that an individual should finish their work in the work put and abstain from conveying their work on the streets. In such a case that an individual is associated with two undertakings, at that point he/she can't either appreciate the excursion or would he be able to work appropriately. Ecotourism: The atmosphere changes every once in a while and when a voyager designs an outing, he can without much of a stretch get the atmosphere refreshes. And furthermore abstain from going to jeopardized goals. The voyagers plan those outings which have the appropriate atmosphere and which meet their necessities also (Global condition, 2017). Interrelationships An interrelationship is the point at which a when one organization works with another organization to get the shared advantages (Weebly, 2014). Let us take a model for an example, I had once visited British Museum in London. It had numerous cafés and stores around. The British Museum was connected to every one of those caf and stores which causes it to pull in gigantic number of guests towards it. They have interrelationships with those eateries and stores which made the exhibition hall increasingly fruitful. Chain of appropriation The above chart shows the interrelationships between the go-betweens that are included between an explorer and specialist organizations. The chain of conveyance shows how a purchaser gets an item. In the travel industry, inns offer bundles and make a basin of offers together and serve those bundles to the visit administrators. Later the visit administrators convey forward it to the trip specialists and those operators sell those bundles straightforwardly to the customers. Thus, essentially the chain of dispersion is cooperating to guarantee that the explorers get best offers and bundles to travel and have a great time. It is extremely hard to meet the clients desire in this industry (Cook et al, 2014). Visit administrators and Travel operators These two zones are bury connected with one another. Trip specialists are those individuals who organizes an explorers agenda. Operators are liable for all the arrangements and offers which are given to the explorer (Education, 2013). For a model: Lunn Poly is a movement office which targets selling trips for Kuoni which is a visit administrator. Kuoni targets giving extravagance occasions. Attractions and Transport Operators These two segments are likewise interconnected to one another. Many vehicle offices are given by the vehicle administrators who visits the spots. They as a rule give transport courses and cylinder courses too. They likewise make certain declarations which makes simple for the voyager to venture out starting with one area then onto the next area (Moutinho, 2011). Transport administrators and Tour administrators Transport administrator and visit administrator cooperate by offering tremendous scopes of goals with best arrangements and bundles alongside the best understanding of flights. Visit administrator deals with the visits by giving the best arrangements and transport administrators dealt with the transportation office of the voyager. For a model: First decision is a visit administrator and Thomson Airways is the vehicle administrator (Newsroom, 2015). There are basically 5 distinct areas inside the travel industry which are recorded underneath. Convenience: It incorporates all the inns and cafés where a voyager lives in. It is additionally ordered based on the star rating of the lodging and spending plan of the voyager. Occasions and gatherings: It incorporates the specific meetings and occasions that happens at better places for which a client wishes to design an outing and go to those meetings and shows. Food and drinks: This part likewise assumes a significant job in the travel industry. This area encourages a client to eat well and stay solid on the grounds that getting sound food while voyaging is one of the significant concern. This area guarantees that the client gets the food as per their prerequisites (UKEssay, 2015). Transportation: It causes a voyager to move starting with one spot then onto the next spot with the assistance of vehicles. It gives the office of vehicles which are utilized by the client for their benefit. The travel industry benefits: This administration comprehends the interest of the clients and plans trips as per their spending plan by offering the best arrangements and offers which will best suit the clients prerequisites (Hall, Timothy Duval, 2012). The phases of the costumer venture include six significant levels. The underneath figure shows the six phases of movement which a client faces from introductory to the goal Planning Arranging is the method of drafting something and working as needs be. It is the absolute first stag

i saw you

i saw you i absolutely love the blogs, but there are a number of other places to vicariously ride the ups and downs of MIT. they cant tell you if youll get into MIT, they dont have any formal advice about navigating the treacherous requirements each semester spits at you, but theres a lot to glean from the comments. of course, the platforms all have some kind of bias. theyre moderated, but not rigorously. they show that my peers are clever, enduring, innovative and thoughtfulâ€"and sometimes immature, petty and enjoy a good sexual innuendo or two. as i share these not-so-public-not-so-private collages of MIT, i feel like im opening pandoras box. you are still forming your opinions of MIT. maybe releasing all the evils of MIT is risky. 1) MIT Confessions clever. heartbreakingly honest, sometimes immature, sometimes so college. and always so embarrassingly MIT? were lucky to have some people share their good news. there are upsetting experiences. and lighthearted confessions, and poignant observations with a generous sprinkling of impostor syndrome. 2) isawyou   isawyou is not as prolific as it once was, and today its occupied by relatively more trolls than MIT Confessions, which has probably driven away a few writers. its often times a lot raunchier, sillier, pettier but still entertaining. its the MTV of MITâ€"a guilty pleasure that some people are able to ignore, but many enjoy. isawyou attracts some poets, hopeless romantics and people trying to share a shy compliment. 3) Humans of MIT a project started by our very own emad (and talented company) based on humans of new york. its lucky to share uniquely intimate MIT stories documented by talented interviewers, photographers and writers. 4) Robots of MIT self described as MIT, one robot at a time.  Inspired by Brandon Stantons Humans of New York.  Interviews are 100% real. Photos are 100% not mine. at the bottom of pandoras box, after all the evils were released, there was hope. i think youll find a lot of hope nestled between these confessions and stories. MIT is taxing, but it gets easier when you not only find people who care about you, but you learn to care for others. practicing that is one of the best things you can do to prepare for MIT.

Factors That Have Had an Influence on the Formation and Convergence of European Law Free Essay Example, 1250 words

A type of system some have referred to as Community law has come to evolve as a result of the federation of the individual nations that constitute the European Union. This has both occurred as a result of planned legislation that works to further centralize the use, application, and understanding of existing law and new law, as well as the unconscious effect that standardization in other forms has affected the realm of law and legal understanding. It is clear that this system of community law has evolved rather than been forced to come into existence as a function of the European Union (Maduro, 2005). Further, the notions of harmonization, unification, self-regulation, and implementation that this convergence espouses is a natural by-product and perhaps even unguided needs of the nations involved to integrate into the union more completely and reduce impediments that currently exist systemically. As Tryfonadou relates, (convergence) is not a goal in and of itself. Legal actio n should maintain a well-balanced relation to the objectives to be achieved (Tryfonadou, 2010). However, it is worth noting that this legal convergence is not the work of the legislative branch alone. The judicial actions within the system, as well as the unique and peculiar actions of market participants, all indelibly leave their mark on the evolution and convergence of law within this increasingly globalized system. As the author states, There are various representative organizations of market participants which, in view of the introduction of the euro and the resulting integration of financial markets, have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, standard market documentation for their transactions (Tryfonadou, 2010). In this way, it can be seen that rather than a central or collectivized approach towards law (although doubtless this exists to a certain degree) the main component factor that pushes towards a more congealed and coalesced understanding of law within the sy stem are in fact a plethora of actors each acting for his/her own self interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors That Have Had an Influence on the Formation and Convergence of European Law or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now

Application Of Thermal Insulation In Buildings In Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6789 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.2 Problem Statement Energy saving in buildings has become a question of crucial importance in many countries. At the same time, the requirements for satisfactory indoor climate with low electricity consumption have increased which prompt the supply and demand for energy efficient homes. The battle against global warming shall start from home insulation to reduce green house gas emission. In developed countries, government has even allowed tax credit to house owners for costs incurred in carrying out home insulation works which meets the urgent need in the fight against global warming. In Malaysia, the common answer from the public in general to make a house or office cool is probably by switching on the air conditioning. The roof of most houses is constructed using timber roof trusses and concrete roof tiles in Malaysia. The heat gained through the roof which convents through the ceiling has increased the indoor heat to a level that most house owners will not feel comfortable without the use of air cond itioners. The impact that roofs have on energy is often overlooked, the impact of which can be significant. In homes, air conditioners make up 23% of energy consumption. Alternatively we can achieve the dream cool and comfort living or working environment despite in a very hot sunny day with the help of install the thermal insulation then will reduce the dependence on air conditioners to cool the home or office. This means insulating a home could potentially save thousands of ringgit in electricity bills. Install the thermal insulation in the wall or roof will increasing the cost of the building but the price tag on insulation is considered small when compared with the benefits including monthly savings in electricity bills throughout the lifespan of the house, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved comfort and living standards and a huge contribution to the local economic growth, as the insulation material is manufactured locally. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Application Of Thermal Insulation In Buildings In Malaysia" essay for you Create order 1.3 Aim The researchers aim for conducting this research is to review the uses and identify the importance of thermal insulation. Besides that, to find out whether application of thermal insulation to the buildings is suitable to be adopted into construction industry in Malaysia. 1.4 Objectives To review the concepts and uses of thermal insulation. To assess the importance or advantages of thermal insulation in Malaysia. To investigate the applicability of thermal insulation amongst the buildings in Malaysia. 1.5 Hypothesis Application of thermal insulation into the buildings would increase the energy saving in buildings and decrease in emission to environmental. 1.6 Background Governments all over the world are beginning to realize the importance of reducing dependence on energy imports as fuel reserves becomes scarcer and supplies are concentrated on a few politically unstable countries. The building sector is probably the most effective and easiest way to start reducing energy consumption. Reduction in energy demand can be most effective due to applying thermal insulation to the buildings. Thermal insulation is the method of preventing heat from escaping a container or from entering the container. In other words, thermal insulation can keep an enclosed area such as a building warm, or it can keep the inside of a container cold. Depending on the climate, we spend more or less energy on heating or cooling, but we will spend more energy on cooling the room by switch on the air conditioning in Malaysia. There have a main reason for using thermal insulation for reduction of heat coming in, without too much loss of light due to the hot climate in Malaysia. So, the demand of energy can be significantly reduced by install a thermal insulation into the wall or roof of those buildings. Thermal insulation has been introduced to reduce the demand of energy result in electric consumption costs up to 40% and the countrys energy resources. This allows savings on the cost of the air-conditioning, because a smaller unit is needed, and on the running cost of the air conditioning. It also indeed creates a more comfortable living and working atmosphere. Besides that, most of the people will switch on the air conditioning to keep the comfort in the room or working place in Malaysia. But, the air conditioners will release a haloalkanes which are a group of chemical compounds, consisting of chlorine, fluorine and carbon, called Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). The CFC will among the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that contribute to future global warming. So, apply thermal insulation to the buildings will reduce using the air conditioning naturally will reduce the emission to the environmental also. 1.7 Scope of Study The research project has provided the idea and functions of thermal insulation to the buildings make a preliminary of understanding to it. Besides that, the advantages or importances that apply the thermal insulation to the buildings in Malaysia also fall within the scopes of this research project. In this study, I have studied into few buildings in Malaysia which have installed the thermal insulation such as Pusat Tenaga Malaysia Zero Energy Office (ZEO) building at Bandar Baru Bangi and Low Energy Office (LEO) Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications Malaysia at Putrajaya. Based on these buildings, I will study the benefits that obtain from the buildings which have applied thermal insulation to the wall and roof in this research project. In addition, I will inquire into the applicability of thermal insulation in the buildings in Malaysia. 1.8 Research Methodology For the primary source, questionnaires were prepared as a ground for the main survey which relates to the reason of construction firms attempt to apply thermal insulation to the buildings in Malaysia. The questionnaires were then distributed to the construction firms which are be responsible for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Pusat Tenaga Malaysia Zero Energy Office (ZEO) building project and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Low Energy Office (LEO) Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications Malaysia through e-mail. For this purpose of survey, mailing list was obtained for website which has listing the name, address and the title of principal officer for each firm listed. That company was chosen and sent a set of questionnaire while those company which have not related into the projects will be randomly chosen for obtain the opinion on the applicability of apply thermal insulation in the buildings in Malaysia. For secondary sources, a comprehensive review of the relevant literature including a computer assisted search, textbook, journals, articles and so on, will be taken to develop an understanding of concept and uses of thermal insulation. Besides that, the importance or advantages of thermal insulation in Malaysia also will be assessed by computer assisted search. 1.9 Proposed structure of the dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Review concept and uses of thermal insulation. 2.2 Review importance to apply thermal insulation into a building. 2.3 Investigation of applicability of thermal insulation into the buildings in Malaysia. Chapter 3: Research design and methodology. Chapter 4: Analysis of the result and discussion. Chapter 5: Conclusion. References. 1.10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" References Chin Teck, Soh. September 30, 2009. Lack Of Insulation In Malaysian Buildings Key Cause Of High Energy Bills. Viewed on: December 23, 2009. Available on: www.HYPERLINK https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-208867648.htmlhighHYPERLINK https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-208867648.htmlbeam.com/doc/1G1-208867648.html Chin Teck, Soh. September 30, 2009. Save Energy Fight Global Warming. Viewed on: December 23, 2009. Available on: www.mimg.org.my/images/pdf/MIMG_Booklet_revised.pdf Allergy.J, February 19, 1999. ChlorofluorocarbonHYPERLINK https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091674999700448 HYPERLINK https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091674999700448To Hhydrofluoroalkane formulations. Viewed on: December 24, 2009. Available on: linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091674999700448 Chin Teck, Soh. September 30, 2009. Why Insulate?. Viewed on: December 25, 2009. Available on: www.mimg.org.my/images/pdf/MIMG_Why_Insulate.pdf 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Review the concepts and uses of thermal insulation 2.1.1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Concept of thermal insulation Thermal insulation has been defined as a material or combination of materials which slow down the flow of heat, reduce some sound transmission or slow down the spread of fire when buildings are in fire.(Anish, 2003) The thermal insulation materials can be suited to any size, shape or surface and the variety of finishes to be used in order to protect the thermal insulation from mechanical and environmental damage as well as to enhance appearance of buildings.(Anish, 2003) Thermal insulation can be mentioned either to materials used to lower the rate of heat transfer, or the means and processes used to lower heat transfer. Thermal insulation will transfer heat energy and the hHYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heateat energy would be transferred by three methods, which are convection, conduction and radiation. 2.1.1.1 Convection When the heat is flow whether by forced or natural, within a fluid and the fluid is a substance that may be either a gas or a liquid, this process is called convection.(Zhang, et al. 2005) Convection will then gravitationally-induced heat transport, driven by the expansion of a fluid on heating then hot expanded fluid has lower density, so will rise to the top of colder, and therefore denser, fluid.(Fowler, 2008) For example, when air to be heated, then it will expands and rise. However, if the air movement is established mechanically by a floor register, fan, or wind, then it will be called as a forced convection. 2.1.1.2 Conduction Conduction is direct heat flow or conducted from a material especially a solid.(Zhang, et al. 2005) When different parts of an isolated solid are at different temperatures, the heat will flow from the hot places to the cold places until eventually all is at the same temperature.(Fowler, 2008) Conduction and convection have same uses which are functions of the roughness of surfaces, air movement and the temperature difference between the air and surface. The increasing of heat energy can flow through materials and from one material to another.(Kurtus, 2006) 2.1.1.3 Radiation Radiation is the transmission of energy through space by means of electromagnetic waves.(Zhang, et al. 2005) This is clearly in the way the sun warms the surface of the earth, which involves the heat transfer through electromagnetic waves and absorption of the heat energy by a surface. Heat from the sun is reaches human skin as radiation, much of it can clearly be seen or evident light, the rest similar electromagnetic waves but at wavelengths human eyes are not sensitive to it. All bodies not at sheer zero temperature radiate, at room temperature the radiation is in the infrared, wavelengths longer than those of the visible spectrum. (Fowler, 2008) Source: isover Then, the types of thermal insulation are indicates the composition and internal structure of a building and the types of thermal insulation are normally been subdivided into three groups, which are fibrous insulation, cellular insulation and granular insulation.(Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, et al. 1999) 2.1.1.4 Fibrous Insulation Fibrous insulation is composing of air finely divided into interstices by small diameter fibers. The fibers may be parallel or perpendicular to the surface being insulated and they may separate or bonded together. That is usually chemically or mechanically bonded and formed into boards, blanket or hollow cylinders. (Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, et al. 1999) 2.1.1.5 Cellular Insulation Cellular insulation is composed of air or some other gas contained within foam of stable small bubbles and formed into boards, blankets, or hollow cylinders. The cellular material may be glass or foamed plastic such as polystyrene, polyurethane and elastomeric. (Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, et al. 1999) 2.1.1.6 Granular Insulation Granular insulation is composed of air or some other gas in the interstices between small granules and formed into blocks, boards, or hollow cylinders. This type may be produce as loose pourable material or combined with a binder and fibers to make a rigid insulation. (Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, et al. 1999) Furthermore, thermal insulation is available in a variety of forms and it is usually rated in terms of thermal resistance which is R-value, which indicates the resistance of material to heat flow. The higher its resistance is, the greater the insulating effectiveness is. Of course, the thermal insulation property depends on the type of material, its thickness, and its density. The combined form and type of insulation will determine the proper method of insulation. There are many forms of thermal insulation are designed to deliver a sustained level of thermal resistance, such as Traditional Batt Insulation or Alternatives, Blown-In Cellulose Insulation, Rigid Board Insulation, Spray Foam Insulation and SIPs/ICFs. 2.1.1.7 Traditional Batt Insulation or Alternatives Batt or Blanket Insulation is the most common and least effective insulation used in the states nowadays. It has an approximate rating of R-3 per inch. Technically the R rating is even lower because typical batts are so loose that they allow air to penetrate them and cool them down. It is possible to use batts effectively in energy efficient buildings but the installation is labor intensive. One slightly greener alternative to batts would be to use batts or rolls made of natural fibers such as Bonded Logics insulation made from recycled denim jeans.[8] These types of insulation typically have a slightly higher R rating and do not harm the indoor air quality since they are made of natural materials. The trade off is that they are pricey and still do not effectively seal air gaps without extra labor and supervision. (Ludeman, 2008) 2.1.1.8 Blown-In Cellulose Insulation Loose-Fill Insulation is an option that can be economic friendly because the Cellulose is a type of blown-in or loose-fill insulation that is made from recycled newspapers. There pros and cons but the bottom line is that it will not provide much better R- value than batt insulation and typically it will cost more to have installed. The best applications seem to be for attics that are not well insulated because cellulose can be quickly and efficiently blow over an attic floor to dramatically and safely increase the insulation between the home and the hot attic space. (Ludeman, 2008) 2.1.1.9 Rigid Board Insulation Rigid Board Insulation can contain some of the highest R-values with some Polyurethane sheets reaching R-8 per inch. Since the insulation comes in the form of rigid boards it is popular as roof and wall coverings attached to the exterior of the framing of a new building. Attaching to the exterior of the framing will improve the strength of the structure while also creating an insulated break or thermal barrier between the wood studs and the exterior sheathing or siding. This can greatly reduce the heat loss transferred from the inside of the building though the wood studs and to the exterior. There are also green versions of rigid board that are normally classified as polystyrene rigid insulation. This type may contain some recycled materials and will not off-gas like some of the other sheet products might. Besides that, rigid board insulation is also can find boards that are laminated or strengthened to act as both the buildings sheathing and insulation. Since sheathing of some type is necessary, this does not eliminate a step but can greatly improve the building envelope without additional labor. (Ludeman, 2008) 2.1.1.10 Spray Foam Insulation Spray-Foam Insulation is probably the most effective type of insulation for traditional, stick-framed buildings available nowadays. The product is in the form of a liquid that is sprayed on and quickly expands to 100 times its size. It can achieve R-values of R-9 per inch but most importantly, it automatically creates an almost perfect air seal upon expanding. While the product is costly, it is effective and reduces a lot of manual caulking and sealing that would be necessary with other types of insulations. The most popular forms are petroleum based but there are also green options such as BioBased Insulation that is composed of 96% bio-content (soy-beans). (Ludeman, 2008) 2.1.1.11 Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs) / ICFs Structurally Insulated Panels are arguably the best way to achieve a tightly sealed and well insulated building. They are basically two sheets of OSB with spray foam insulation sandwiched between them. They are both structural as well as insulating so they eliminate the need for traditional framing and can streamline the construction of a building is assembled properly. All seams are sealed and there is no thermal bridge from studs. The only downfall is many contractors are unfamiliar with them and they can be quite pricey. Many of the green builders are using Structurally Insulated Panels because there are vehemently opposed to stick building as they view it an obsolete building practice. (Ludeman, 2008) Therefore, apply the thermal insulation for buildings will prevents or reduces heat from escaping a building or from entering a building. Thermal insulation can keep an enclosed area such as a building or a room warm for the cold climate countries like United Kingdom, Poland, New Zealand and so on; or it can keep the inside of a building or a room cold for the tropical climate countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and so on. So, the thermal insulators are applied and functions to minimize that heat energy transfer from the buildings. In thermal insulation, the R-value is an indication of how well for a material insulates for the buildings. 2.1.1.12 R-value The R-value is the total thermal resistance (RT) for any building elements, including the surface thermal resistances of the air on either side of the building elements. The conductivity of bulk insulation materials will change with the temperature of the material. (Williamson, 2007) It is significant to realize that the boundary conditions and other factors used in the calculation of the R-values, which will cause the R-value different. The total thermal resistance of a flat for building element consisting of layers perpendicular to the heat flow is calculated using the expression: RT = Rsi + R1 + R2 + . . . . . + Rn + Rse Rsi is the internal surface resistance; R1, R2, .Rn are the thermal resistances of each layer, including bridged layers; Rse is the external surface resistance [Source: Dr Terry Williamson (2007)] An air space for the thermal resistance within a building element is depends on the valid emissivity of the space as well as the mean temperature and the difference in temperatures either side of the space.(Williamson, 2007) It follows therefore that the calculation of the R-value of a building element containing air spaces depends on the conditions assumed externally and internally.(Williamson, 2007) Thus, the flow of heat can be reduced by applying thermal insulation materials to the buildings and The rate of heat transfer is dependent on the physical properties of the material employed to do this. Insulation for the home has R-values usually in the range of R-10 up to R-30. The following is a listing of different materials with the English measurement of R-value: Material R-value Hardwood siding (1 in. thick) 0.91 Wood shingles (lapped) 0.87 Brick (4 in. thick) 4.00 Concrete block (filled cores) 1.93 Fiberglass batting (3.5 in. thick) 10.90 Fiberglass batting (6 in. thick) 18.80 Fiberglass board (1 in. thick) 4.35 Cellulose fiber (1 in. thick) 3.70 Flat glass (0.125 in thick) 0.89 Insulating glass (0.25 in space) 1.54 Air space (3.5 in. thick) 1.01 Free stagnant air layer 0.17 Drywall (0.5 in. thick) 0.45 Sheathing (0.5 in. thick) 1.32 [Source:  Hyperphysics Georgia State University] Another mathematical expression used in thermal quantification, and the most common reference used by the insulation industry, is U-value, or flow rate of heat through a building elements. 2.1.1.13 U-value U-value is to be used for describe the amount of heat loss or also called as thermal transmittance, that occurs through an element of construction such as a wall or window. (Raynham, 1975) If an element of construction has a lower the U-value the less energy is lost and the better is its insulating characteristics.(Zimmermann Bertschinger, 2001) It has the same unit as thermal conductivity, except that since a U-value refers to a given construction, the thickness of which is taken into account, it has the unit W m-2 K-1. U-value is computed according to the formula: U=(Ri s+ Re s,+Rc a v+k1-l+k2-1+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)-l Ri s and, Re s are the thermal resistances of internal and external surfaces respectively; Rc a v is the sum of thermal resistances of any cavities; k1-l+k2-1+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are the thermal resistances of each material used. [Source: Mark Zimmerman Hans Bertschinger (2001)] Since the U-value is a measurement of heat flow, the lower the U-value, the more slowly does the material transfer heat in and out of the home. The U-value typically is used in expressing overall thermal conductance, since it is a measurement of the rate of heat flow through the complete heat barrier, from room air to outside air.(Anderson, 2006) The lower the U-value, the better is the insulating value. The U-value of a constructional element of buildings would decreases rapidly as the first few centimeters of thermal insulation are added.(Rouni, 2005) An even more increase in thermal insulation thickness does not always lead to an equally fast decrease in the U-value. The thicker the thermal insulation layer already is, the less the decrease in the U-value is by more adding thermal insulation.(Rouni, 2005) The following diagram shows the decrease in the U-value as the thickness of the insulation layer increases. [Source: GK Rouni (2005)] Temperature and temperature variations govern much of our daily lives, the environmental factors such as temperature, radiation, air motion, and humidity, as well as on personal factors such as activity levels, clothing selection and expectation, all of those factors are contribute to the state of thermal comfort.(Bynum, 2000) Thermal comfort is a term given the varying nature of the human condition, has been described as a feeling of well-being, an absence of discomfort, or a state of mind that is satisfied with the thermal environment. (McDowall, 2007) 2.1.2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Uses of thermal insulation The human beings have demonstrated that we are need for the protection from the elements of construction and although many of these factors are continuously in flux, but the proper use of thermal insulation, placement of vapor barriers, and understanding of heat transfer will contribute to providing an environment conducive to thermal comfort within the buildings to the human.(Bynum, 2000) Thermal insulation is the better way to protect anything against the heat because the material use for this is really heat absorbing material. Thermal insulation is to be used to perform many of the functions and the primary purpose of thermal insulation is to reduce heat loss or heat gain through the exterior assemblies of a building in order to achieve energy conservation.(Stettler, 2009) Basically thermal insulations reduce the rate of heat transfer because there are special type of thermal insulation material which converts the heat energy to some other form by conduction, convention and radiation as mentioned as foresaid. [Source: exergia] As the drawing shows that the houses lose heat through walls, windows, doors, floors, roofs and ventilation.  Thermal insulation, quality double-glazed windows and controlled ventilation can reduce the heat losses by as much as 50%, thus reducing the heating costs in the cold climate.(Weber, 2006) However, an energy efficient home featuring thermal insulation, shading, brightly colored external surfaces and controlled ventilation also greatly enhance the thermal comfort by offering protection from the heat and radiation of the sun. (Weber, 2006)  This also helps to drastically reduce the electrical bills that pay to run air conditioners in tropical climate. Besides that, apply thermal insulation for buildings will protect the environment through the reduction of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and greenhouse gases. (Stettler, 2009) The greenhouse effect to a great level decides the climate on earth. Growth in emissions of greenhouse gases related with human activities menaces the climate balance. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are the main greenhouse gas which are emitted due to air-conditioners are function to provide cool or hot air and increasing thermal comfort of buildings, there have led to rapid growth in the amount of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the a atmosphere. Heating, air conditioning and refrigeration are the causes that result in this growth. If no action is taken at all, the EU Member States said that greenhouse gas emissions could be expected to further increase by 17% between 1990 and 2010, while the target set by the Kyoto Protocol for the period is to reduce the emissions by 8%. The reasonable level of expenditure on insulation is directly related to the amount of the heat loss or heat gain, and to the electricity of air-conditioning required to produce an appreciable return in terms of electricity saving. Fortunately, it is possible to reduce energy consumption and the associated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions in heating and air conditioning by one third by using more or better insulation for the buildings.(Roberts, et al. 1981) Furthermore, the thermal insulation also can be used in buildings in order to prevent or reduce condensation on surfaces.(Raynham 1973) If wants to prevent condensation on the surface of walls, it is necessary to have adequate ventilation and sufficient insulation and heat input. It is also necessary to consider the question of whether condensation is likely to occur within a structure. Since most structures experience a falling dew point especially where insulating internal linings are provided, as well as temperature gradient from inside to out, it is possible for the temperature on the cold side of the insulation to fall below the dew point, causing interstitial condensation.(Raynham 1973) This can be controlled by providing water vapour barriers on the warm side of the insulation. This may take the form of polythene film or certain types of paint treatment, such as chlorinated rubber on the insulated lining. In some situations such as factory roofs and some timber flat roofs, ventilation is provided above the insulation to remove any water vapour that has penetrated that far.(Raynham 1973) Thermal insulation also can use to prevent or reduce damage to buildings when occur fire in the buildings or near the buildings.(Raynham 1973) When fire breaks out in a compartment the contents of the whole room are heated up, leading to accumulation of flammable gas. Eventually a point is reached when these gases, together with the materials evolving them, suddenly kindle and thus involve the whole room in fire. Tests done many years ago at the Fire Research Station (Raynham 1973) investigated the factors leading to a short, and therefore dangerous, flashover time. Tests involving fires in domestic sized rooms with insulating board and hardboard wall linings showed that flashover occurred at between 8.5 and 12min. Two further tests made with a noncombustible sprayed insulating lining gave flashover times of 8 and 4.5 min, thus suggesting that the thermal insulating characteristics of a lining are probably more significant from a fire development point of view than its combustibility. If this is true to any extent, significantly improved standards of thermal insulation, such as we are about to adopt in this country, are almost certain to accentuate the fire risk, especially in dwellings. The thermal insulation also can be installed in the mechanical system in commercial buildings and industrial processes.(Avtivity, 2008) In buildings such as shopping centers, schools, hospitals, and hotels, mechanical insulations are installed to improve the energy consumption of the cooling and heating systems for buildings, domestic hot and cold water supply, and refrigerated systems including ducts and housings. However, for industrial facilities such as power plants, refineries, and paper mills, mechanical thermal insulations are installed to control heat gain or heat loss on process piping and equipment, steam and condensate distribution systems, boilers, smoke stacks, bag houses and precipitators, and storage tanks.(Avtivity, 2008) Thermal insulation for mechanical system is to dominate the temperatures of the surface for personnel and equipment protection. That is one of the most effective mediums of protecting workers from second and third degree burns resulting from skin contact for more than 5 seconds with surfaces of hot piping and equipment operating at temperatures above 136.4 °F.(Avtivity, 2008) Thermal insulation will function to reduces the surface temperature of piping or equipment into a safer level as required by OSHA, resulting in increased worker safety and the avoidance of worker downtime due to injury.(Avtivity, 2008) Besides, thermal insulation also will control the temperature of commercial and industrial processes when installed in the mechanical system.(Avtivity, 2008) Thermal insulation can help maintain process temperature to a pre-determined value or within a predetermined range by reducing heat loss or gain. The insulation thickness must be sufficient to limit the heat transfer in a dynamic system or limit the temperature change, with time, in a static system.(Avtivity, 2008) The need to provide time for owners to take remedial action in emergency situations in the event of loss of electrical power, or heat sources is a major reason for this action in a static system. At last but not least, installed the thermal insulation in the mechanical system will reduce noise from mechanical systems.(Avtivity, 2008) Insulation materials can be used in the design of an assembly having a high sound attenuation or sound resistance. The sound transmission loss when the thermal insulation to be installed between the source and the surrounding area.(Avtivity, 2008) So, thermal insulation not only can be used for building but also for the mechanical system in commercial buildings and industrial processes in order to achieve different effects. 2.2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The importance or advantages of thermal insulation in Malaysia 2.2.1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Advantages of thermal insulation in Malaysia Governments all over the world are beginning to recognize the significance of reducing dependence on energy imports as fuel reserves becomes scarcer and supplies are focused on a few politically unstable countries. In the Malaysian context, the energy imports are expected to equal exports by 2014 as energy demand is expected to triple by 2020, as predicted by NIRAS in their Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Component, Energy Outlook report.[MIMG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Insulate (2007)] Therefore, Malaysia Government has started to think over the methods on order to resolve that problem. Firstly, the energy efficiency measures are tops the agenda which need to be emphasize by government because it will directly responsible for energy conservation efforts in Malaysia. It will no longer be enough to talk about energy saving plans but is the immediate steps must be taken to make energy efficiency requirements as part of the countrys by-law implementation.[MIMG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Insulate (2007)] The latent for profitable energy savings is immense and remains largely untapped. The readily suitable, affordable and well proven technologies for energy efficiency solutions for now are application of thermal insulation in building envelopes.[MIMG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Insulate (2007)] This is because the thermal insulation will provides the occasion for the energy savings that is sustainable in the long term. 2.2.1 Energy Saving The most effective and easiest way to start reducing energy consumption probably is the construction sector. The following chart show that the electricity consumption by each sector. Reduction in energy demand can be most effective when big consumption of energy users such as commercial buildings and factories are dealt with.[MIMG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Insulate (2007)] Malaysia is a tropical climate country so that the general public to make a building such as house, shop or office cool is probably by switching on the air conditioners. Almost every people who are living in the tropical climate counties and all of them rely on air conditioners to cool the buildings during a hot day and most of the offices are switch on the air conditioners once the offices are in use. So, if want to achieve a cool and comfort living or working environment despite in a very hot sunny day can with the help of apply thermal insulation in buildings in order to reduce the dependence on use of electricity to run the air conditioners to the homes or offices. Some of the commercial buildings in Malaysia such as GEO building, LEO building, ZEO building and so on, have certified that use of thermal insulation will reduce the energy consumption. The following chart shows that the energy savings for LEO building after use of thermal insulation. The roof of the LEO building is insulated with 100 mm of thermal insulation and the roof surface is protected by a second canopy roof, which avoids direct solar radiation onto the roof.(Tang, et al. 2006) Along the perimeter of the roof, green landscaping will provides shading and improves the aesthetics of the roof areas, which can be used for various functions.(Tang, et al. 2006) Therefore, the LEO building can achieve a cool and comfort working environment despite in sunny days but consume less electricity to run the air conditioners to the office. [Source: Aniza Abdul Aziz et al. (2007)] In the year 2006 report done by the Ministry it was found that LEO building has the energy index of 110 compared to a typical building of the same floor area which is 275, a savings of RM0.6 million per year. LEO building is expected to achieve the payback of the construction cost in 8 years period with the savings made from less electricity consumption. (Mohamed, 2008) However, the ZEO building adopted high insulation in facade and roof and installing spectrally selective glazing or double-glazing on all of the windows so that the building can reduce the heat gain from outside of the building. (Aziz, et al. 2007) Optimal orientation of building, composite walls and roofs with thermal insulation, advanced fenestration systems with spectrally selective glazing, innovative design of shading systems, design of building for maximum use of daylight, modification of the external environment, computer modeling of building and Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) are the characteristics taken into consideration to save energy consumption of the building. (Aziz, et al. 2007) The LEO building and ZEO building have verified that apply the thermal insulation in the walls and roofs of buildings will reduce energy consumption. The thermal insulation will maintain the temperature in the buildings and save a large amount of energy consumption in order save the money due to less use of electricity, as buildings are more energy efficient. 2.2.2 Money saving The provision of higher standards of thermal insulation is frequently a matter of economics by spending money on installation of thermal insulation to save money by reduced heat loss or heat gain thereafter. The financial return for a given expenditure is clearly greater if the building such as a house is occupied and the house is cooling by air-condition continuously, than if the building such as an office or shop is only occupied for eight hours a day, five days a week.(Raynham, 1975) Around 60% to 70% of heat will gained in a house or office comes through the ceiling so that only the space under the roof of a house or office would need to be insulated as in Malaysia. The Insulation Council of Australia and New Zealand Director Ray Thompson, also explained that insulation does this by stopping the heat from coming through the roof or ceiling space and going into the area which has ocupied.(Barakat Chamberlin, Inc. et al. 2005) According to Mr. Soh Chin Teck, the Malaysian Insulation Manufacturers Group (MIMG) Chairman, said that air conditioners make up 23% of energy consumption in most of the homes and 57% of energy consumption in most of the offices in Malaysia.(Barakat Chamberlin, Inc. et al. 2005) This means that installation of thermal insulation a Malaysian buildings could potentially save thousands of ringgit in electricity bills and that all sounds fine and well for the owners. Thus, the installation of thermal insulation will reduce the use of electricity to run the air-conditioners in order to save electricity fees and the house or office can always accepting that adequate comfort levels have be achieved throughout the period of occupancy. According to McKinsey / Vattenhall Climate Map, usage of air conditioners in the worlds largest economies such as the United State, China and India will  triple before 2030 result in increasing the use of electricity and the electricity fees. Thus, if want to control and reduce  the use of air conditioning in the countries which are tropical and hot climate, it is crucial to insulate the buildings better. This is especially important for some fast developing countries such as Malaysia, India, China and other Asian regions. This is because there are many new buildings being built. Although installation of thermal insulation will increase the cost of construction but the price of installation of thermal insulation is considered small when that is compared with the benefits after install the thermal insulation.(Barakat Chamberlin, Inc. et al. 2005) Those are monthly savings in electricity bills throughout the lifespan of the house and improved the comfort and living standards for the people. An energy analysis reveals that the total energy consumption of the LEO Building amounts to 2.218 MWh/year, compared to 5.290 MWh/year if it had been designed and built without the thermal insulation. The following table shows that the calculation of cost saving, this results in an annual energy cost saving of RM 605,000. Cost Saving Calculation Energy Cost [RM/ year] Description Cooling Energy Electrical Energy Total Conventional design BEI=275 kWh/m2 478,000 620,000 1,099,000 LEO Building BEI=114 kWh/m2 (actual energy bills) 156,000 338,000 493,000 Saving 322,000 282,000 606,000 Saving [%] 67.4 45.5 55.1 [Source: Energy Performance of LEO Building] Besides that, thermal insulating material is much cost effective because once there installed there demand very less maintenance and there are not ongoing expenses of these materials. For example, if the temperature of a building rises to certain level, then the owner needs to use various temperatures lowering things such as air-conditioners which will use more energy and hence increasing the expense of the owner on the ongoing bases.  So, thermal insulation will help the owners save the ongoing expenses to lower down the temperature of the buildings. In addition, installation of thermal insulation will save energy and resources led to minimize the emission of toxic substances throughout its life cycle.(Fong, 2005) This in turn will have a positive and good impact in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and air pollution for the world. 2.2.3 Pollution reduction Although global warming is a worldwide effect which is caused by carbon dioxide emissions but Malaysia cannot ignore its responsibility to help save the environment. Thus, the energy savings from installation of thermal insulation is good news for the environment.(Anish, 2003) Thermal insulation to the buildings will reducing the energy needed to cool homes and commercial buildings result in the thermal insulation prevents carbon dioxide emissions which have contribute to global climate change. According to CT Soh (2008), installation of thermal insulation will bring down energy consumption by over 3,300 gigawatts per hour (GWh) and reduce carbon dioxide emission of over 2.5 million pounds.(Anish, 2003) Besides, Malaysia currently produces 3.7 pounds per capita of carbon dioxide every year, beating even the largest and most populous nation of world, China, which emits 2.2 pounds a year.(Anish, 2003) Therefore, it is importance to take immediate steps to inculcate consciousness on the benefits for installation of thermal insulation among Malaysians. Other air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are also avoided. Energy use by the insulation industry emits 4.74 billion pounds of carbon dioxide during insulation production of one year. However, the installation of thermal insulation has produced in that same year avoids twelve times that amount, which is about 57 billion pounds. (Anish, 2003) These energy savings would prevent substantial amounts of carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution as well. Evidently, installation of thermal insulation has been great benefits in terms of energy savings, money savings, and pollution reduction for the Malaysia and for individual consumers. Thus, installation of thermal insulation should be considered a key resource for buildings regardless for residential buildings, commercial buildings and factories, in the cause to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and improve the environment. 2.3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Summary Thermal insulation is a materials or combination materials which can be used as many functions for buildings, however thermal insulation most to be used to reduce heat transfer from come out a building or from go in a building through convection, conduction and radiation. The thermal insulation is divided into fibrous insulation, cellular insulation and granular insulation. Besides, there are many forms of thermal insulation such as Traditional Batt Insulation or Alternatives, Blown-In Cellulose Insulation, Rigid Board Insulation and etc. and each form of thermal insulation have their own properties. Then, the R-value and U-value are use to indicate how well for a thermal insulation material insulates for the buildings. Thermal insulation not only can use for to reduce heat loss or heat gain through the exterior assemblies of a building in order to achieve energy conservation, but also to reduce the emissions of environment. Besides that, prevent or reduce condensation on surfaces an d slow down the spread of fire also are the functions of thermal insulation for buildings. However, thermal insulation also can be installed in the mechanical system in commercial buildings and industrial processes in order to improve the energy consumption of buildings, dominate the temperatures of the surface for personnel and equipment protection, control the temperature of commercial and industrial processes and reduce sound and noise transmission from mechanical system. In Malaysia, thermal insulation is seldom to apply for buildings but also found that some commercial buildings such as LEO buildings, ZEO buildings, GEO buildings and etc, which have install thermal insulation for these buildings to achieve energy saving, money saving and pollution reduction for individual and also the environment.

Education in the Twisted Military School Free Essays

Not many of the boys who enter the Carolina Military Institute as freshmen leave the school as graduates. Set in South Carolina, this is a story seen through the eyes of Will McLean, a sensitive, yet rebellious young boy, who aspires to be an â€Å"institiute man†. He is an intelligent, honest, sarcastic and incredibly funny Irish, working class youth who doesn’t hide from the truth or his fears. We will write a custom essay sample on Education in the Twisted Military School or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondary characters Dante Pignetti, Mark Santoro, and Tradd St. Croix, come into Will’s life as he studies at the institute. Tradd is a fragile young man who chooses military training to please his father. He is sensitive, loyal, and caring. Pig and Mark are the â€Å"big men† of the group. Will considers them his protectors because of their size and sense of loyality. 0n the surface, the institute apppears to be just another military school engaged in training fine southern men to defend the country during the Vietnam War. But behind the clean walls of the school and the stern faces of the upperclassmen is a horrifying secret. The Lords Of Dicipline is a book about four young men, Will, Pig, Mark and Tradd, who are trying to recieve an education in this twisted military school. It’s a school where â€Å"the system† rules instead of the teachers. The â€Å"system† is run by upperclassmen, obsessed with upholding the school’s reputation for turning out the finest men the country has to offer to the war. Will watches as the boys in his class are dismantled and reassembled to become military men. He watches as boys are tortured because of their differences, as they are run out of the school, and even as they are driven to the threshold of sucide. The instutite seems to change everyone who remains there. It seems to harden them, to turn them into the very men they feared as freshmen. Will fears that he too will be corrupt by the brutality that surrounds him. When Will, Tradd, Pig, and Mark discover that there is a secret oragnization called â€Å"The Ten† that upholds and enforces â€Å"The system† Will becomes determined to expose them and bring to justice the students who were their victims. The Lords of Discipline is a wonderfully chilling and realistic book with believable characters and a great story line. It strtesses the fact that one way of thinking isn’t always the right way and if you feel that something is wrong, you should stand up for what you believe in. I really liked this book and I reccomend it to everyone. How to cite Education in the Twisted Military School, Papers

Negotiation Between Two or More Parties

Question: Discuss about the Negotiation Between Two or More Parties. Answer: Introduction Negotiation according to Tudoran and Bolgut (2014), involves communication between two or more parties intended to resolve differences or reach a beneficial outcome between them. Everyone negotiates daily in their life in one way or another. The success of any negotiation depends on cooperation between the parties involved. It is important for a person always negotiating to remember that a negotiation is not a confrontation. During negotiations, each side tables their positions and make small concessions. For the success of a negotiation process, each party has to forego certain demands. The purpose of this essay is to determine the strategies and tactics used in a negotiating process. A negotiating process entails the use of different tactics by the parties. Tactics are mostly used in negotiations where the negotiators want to take more value off the table. One useful negotiation tactic is an auction. Negotiations that involve many parties interested in a single item use auction tactic. By bidding, the negotiators state their positions. Bidding capitalizes on the fact that when people feel they are losing out on bidding, they will bid more. Deadlines is another negotiation tactic. Deadlines are used to force another negotiator into agreeing to the terms laid down (Fleck, Volkema and Pereira, 2016). Time is the primary factor in ensuring that the other negotiator bows Negotiators employ different tactics to ensure they get more than the other party. A tactic such as snow job is commonly used by negotiators to make it difficult for another negotiator to make the right decision. In snow job, negotiators offer the other party a lot of information and diversions to influence the choice and decisions they make. Brinksmanship tactic involves pushing the other negotiator to the edge and convincing them that there is no other suitable alternative agreement. Some negotiation tactics like chicken involve extreme rules and measures. Chicken is a dirty tactic meant to scare the other party into an undesired agreement. It involves the use of bluffs by one party but in some instances, both parties may apply the same tactic and go through with the agreement under extreme measures. It is important for negotiators to have a background information of the other negotiator and their requirements (Beenen and Barbuto, 2014). Information concerning the other party will determine the tactic or technique to be applied to achieve the desired outcome in the negotiation process. Negotiation situations are very common. I observed a wages negotiation process where Jane a potential employee and her employers were negotiating about compensation. The employer asked the potential employee of how much she was willing to accept as payment to work in the organization. Jane, after a minute of deep thinking, replied that she would expect a payment of $60,000. Her employers were pretending to be shocked by her demands state that her offer is too high, and they are willing to pay $50,000 for the position. Jane kept her calm in this situation and reiterated that her skills, competence, and experience are worth her offer of $60,000 and then she kept quiet and maintained silence. She maintained silence in the room even though the other negotiators kept looking at her as a sign of expecting more communication. In the end, one of the negotiators representing the company broke the silence and said to Jane that she would cost the organization a lot, but she had got the job with a salary of $60,000. Jane employed a negotiation technique of ask and then stop talking and as stated by (Halliday, 2007) worked in her favor as it made her seem strong and very confident. Conclusion Negotiators need to do gather information before a negotiation process. Most negotiations success to a party depends on the tactic and technique applied. It is vital to have various negotiation techniques to be a successful negotiator. Reference Beenen, G, Barbuto, J 2014, 'Let's Make a Deal: A Dynamic Exercise for Practicing Negotiation Skills',Journal Of Education For Business, 89, 3, pp. 149-155 Fleck, D, Volkema, R, Pereira, S 2016, 'Dancing on the Slippery Slope: The Effects of Appropriate Versus Inappropriate Competitive Tactics on Negotiation Process and Outcome',Group Decision Negotiation, 25, 5, pp. 873-899 Halliday, S 2007, 'Reach the right deal [salary negotiations]',Engineering Management, 17, 1, pp. 38-39, Page, D, Mukherjee, A 2009, 'Effective Technique For Consistent Evaluation Of Negotiation Skills',Education, 129, 3, pp. 521-533 Roberts, J, Wright, R 2016, 'Training For Bargaining',William Mary Law Review, 57, 4, pp. 1445-1504 Tudoran, D, Boglu頼, A 2014, 'Types of Negotiation Tactics',Research Journal Of Agricultural Science, 46, 2, pp. 395-402.

Their Eyes Were Watching God

Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel written by Zora Neale Hurston in 1937. It is a story about an African American woman, Janie Crawford, her lifelong search for love and self-assertion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 1937, the times of the Great Depression, the novel did not get recognition as it gets today. Black people criticized the ideas presented in the story a lot. They said that Hurston had not underlined the real treatment of whites to South blacks. They argued that demoralization had not been described as it was in real. Only in 1970s, the book was rediscovered and began studied by students. One of the peculiar features of the work is the form chosen by the author. Hurston begins and ends the story with one and the same setting and people. The major character, Janie, tells the story of her life to one of her friends, Pheoby Watson. He r story is a kind of trip to Janie’s past life via a huge flashback. To describe Janie’s story of life, the author uses a great number of metaphors and symbols. First of all, it is necessary to clear up what a metaphor actually means. â€Å"In cognitive linguistic view, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain of another conceptual domain.† (Kà ¶vecses 4) In the novel, there are three brightest examples of metaphors: a pear tree, the image of the horizon, and mules. Two first examples are about Janie’s dreams and hopes. Janie climbs the pear tree in order to see horizon. She wants to know what else is around her. She has a dream to make a trip and discover what is so special beyond horizon.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third example of metaphor, a mule, is an image of African American’s status during the Great Depr ession. Hurston tries to underline the plight of African American workers by comparing them with the mules. The image of mules also represents Janie’s life, her searching, and social status. Actually, mules represent Janie’s position in several ways. With each stage of her life, Janie realizes more and more that her life is most like the life of an ordinary mule. When Janie is a child, her grandmother, Nanny, usually compares black women and mules. She says: â€Å"De nigger woman is de mule uh de world so fur as Ah can see† (Hurston 14). Nanny tries to explain her granddaughter how helpless the status of African American women in the society is. Nanny does not see another way for good and free life for her Janie but a marriage. It is not that important to marry for love and happiness. Granny tells that love and happiness may come with time. A family is the very place where true love will appear. This is why Nanny finds a good option to her daughter. Inexperienc ed Janie has nothing to do but obey her granny, and she agrees to get married with Logan Killicks, an old farmer who needs a wife to keep the house and helps on farm. She truly believes that in this marriage, she will find a true love and become really happy. Unfortunately, it was only her dreams. Just like a mule, Janie is forced to work in the field with her husband. Janie continues to believe that working together, she can be closer to her husband. However, being closer was not the objective of her husband. The major purpose that Logan wants to achieve is his financial prosperity, nothing more. Janie cannot stand such attitude any more. The only way she sees is to leave her husband and start a new life. She desperately thinks that her new lover, Jody Starks, will help her.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They come to a new town, where Jody becomes a major. However, the situation does not change considerably. Now, Janie’s role is to be a trophy wife. A situation with Matt Bonner’s mule can serve as one more example in order to find more connection between the life of the mule and Janie’s life. Jody Starks tempted Janie with his money and burning ambitions. He made her fall in love with him and took away from the husband. The same thing happens with Bonner’s mule. He buys the mule and takes it away from Bonner just in order to make it his own property. This mule becomes one of the major themes for discussions. It is a centerpiece of the town as well as Janie (because she is a major’s wife). â€Å"The association between the mule’s liberation and its release from the debt of slavery comments in interesting ways on Janie’s own life history.† (Joseph 146). Janie feels sorry for that poor mule. Maybe, it happens because she compares herself with it. She also suffers from abuse and sneers of other people. She cannot get into a way of being a major’s wife, listening, and obeying to each word of her husband. Even though, she has a better job (now, she should not work in the field but in the office), she does not feel satisfaction. Such â€Å"golden cage† is not for her. It is also very important to underline one more situation that happens with Bonner’s mule and Janie. When the mule died, Jody does not allow Janie go to the funeral. What are the reasons for such a decision? It is so obvious that the mule symbolizes Janie’s life. In this case, why does Jody allow the mule die and be eaten by the birds? Does he want the same destiny to her wife? Or, can it be that Jody wants to prove that even after the death, he can control the situation? However, in any case, the mule’s death is a symbol of Janie’s freeing, at least, her soul. This death changes Janie in some way. Now, she is more or less ready to leave Jody and con tinue her searching of freedom and happiness.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is one more thing that needs to be considered – the color of Matt Bonner’s mule. It was yellow. Yellow is referred to light-skinned African Americans, just like Janie Crawford is. Is it a coincidence or one more technique used by the author? Maybe, it is one more attempt to underline unbelievable resemblance of status of an African American woman and a working mule. Of course, the way Hurston chooses to describe the status of working black women was a bit offensive. To represent the terrible attitude of whites to black workers, the writer picks out mules. These animals have to obey their masters. They have nothing to do but work all the time. The major character of the novel, Janie Crawford, should follow the same way. She wants to find true love and become free. Unfortunately, her way is not that easy. Too many obstacles are on her way. â€Å"Hurston’s heroine, Janie, progresses through a series of destructive relationships with men before finally choosi ng solitude and reflection as the resolution to her quest.† (Nash 74) At the end of the story, Janie kills her true love. She has to do it in order to save her own life. Such a decision is one of the brightest evidences of her strengths and her only desire to survive and be free. Zora Huston created the novel during the times of the Great Depression. These were the times when African American female writers were rather rare. Because of serious critiques and discontents of either whites or blacks, lots of her works were overlooked and even not published. In 1970s, Alice Walker reintroduced Hurston’s works. She wrote: â€Å"Her best novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), is regarded as one of the most poetic works of fiction by a black writer in the first half of the twentieth century, and one of the most revealing treatments in modern literature of a woman’s quest for a satisfying life.† (Walker A. 6) Zora Hurston described Janie as strong and courage ous woman who never stopped her searching for independence and happiness. It was unusual for those times. The great majority of African American women could not demonstrate their characters and represent their own ideas. It was a risky step, and the writer was not afraid to take it. Her attempt may be justified as the book is really great and all the techniques are appropriately used. Work Cited Joseph, Philip. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. United States: LSU Press, 2007. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. United States: University of Illinois Press, 1991. Hemenway, Robert. E. and Walker A. Zora Hurston: A Literary Biography. United States: University of Illinois Press, 1980. Kà ¶vecses, Zoltà ¡n. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. United States: Oxford University Press US, 2002. Nash, William R. Charles Johnson’s Fiction. United States: University of Illinois Press, 2003. This essay on Their Eyes Were Watching God was written and submitted by user Mattie H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gothic Art and Architecture Essay Example

Gothic Art and Architecture Essay Example Gothic Art and Architecture Paper Gothic Art and Architecture Paper Gothic art and architecture played a very important role in the appearance of medieval times. The approximate time frame of the Gothic stage began in 1125, preceding the Romanesque period. Gothic art was first considered very ugly and was believed that barbarians were only capable of making such pieces. So, the name gothic meaning ghost was given to this time period. Now in the 20th century people think Gothic art is beautiful and admire It greatly. The First Methodist church In Notate by Red Barrel is a Gothic church. While looking at the church you take note of the pointed arches. This Is a feature that began in the Gothic time period, and replaced rounded arches of the Romanesque period. Pointed arches are on every window and on the frame of the door. Inside you can see a simple barrel vaulting system. Another feature of Gothic art that The First Methodist Church has Is the wonderful stain glass windows. They were very long and told a religious story. The stain glass allows the walls to be thinner and let a nice color filled light In. This light fills the church, and back then would be one of the only systems of light. The most dominant feature of Gothic architecture is the size, or height of the church. They believed that the higher the church the better, because they were closer to heaven. Some even contained towers so they could be closer to heaven. The one in Notate is very tall and has a very high ceiling. The ground plan for the church is in a cross, just like medieval times. Inside the church is very complex along with the high ceilings. : There are no painting, but the columns are highly decorated and complex. The First Methodist Church in Notate has many Gothic features, but is missing some characteristics. It does not have flying buttresses, or a rose window, which were strong Gothic traits. Also there were no windows on the east end where the sun rises. Alters were mainly put on the eat end, so when the sun rose it would fill the alter with light. Gothic architecture is very beautiful, and the town of Notate is very lucky to have such a marvelous Gothic church in its town.

Teleology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teleology - Research Paper Example The results, rational and impacts that such ethical issues pose to the sports industry explain the leading occurrences. Drug use and steroids instill unfairness in sports, as the users tend to possess boosted and comparable advantage of the non-users. The act negatively influences behavior and characters of the participants as many will resort to the unethical conducts to emerge victorious with the aided advantages. Human beings conduct themselves in a manner that the aftermaths rational dictate. The assertion relies on reference to the ends or goal attainment, this is teleology and the dependence of human conduct on it implies ethics. Ethics refers to the moral principles that administer an individual’s or group’s behavior. Teleology has helped the humans to understand the behavior as of either pursuing their ends or goals to fulfill a purpose that the mind determines or dictates. According to Aristotle, a comprehensive explanation of any phenomenon must consider its formal, efficient and final cause. The mind has to be present for a thing to act for an end (Woodfield,

Journal of Clinical Nursing FOLLOW-UP CARE An exploratory study of the Assignment

Journal of Clinical Nursing FOLLOW-UP CARE An exploratory study of the follow-up care needs of patients treated for colorect - Assignment Example This is in line with the assertions of Alasuutari, P. et al. (2008); Balsley (2007) that a document abstract should in brief present the researcher’s proposed objectives and whether they were met; how he/she had proposed to carry out the research-the research paper design; the reasons for choosing such a design given there are so many design methodologies citing the advantages and disadvantages and comparing the shortcomings with those of other potential design methods; perceived outcomes citing the actual and the expected impacts. Further, the abstract should clearly give the research methodology including the research tools giving reasons of their choice, the data collection methods, , how the data will be analyzed and including the software to be used (SPSS, STATA, EnVivo, GenStat etc) in addition to research schedule and envisaged budget. As Alasuutari, P. et al. (2008) puts it, all the above are meant to present the research protocol in an easier manner to comprehend. The authors of the research paper article have taken all the above into consideration while writing the paper. One important aspect included in the research paper it background, which gives a foundation for the paper citing the existing information gap to form a sound justification for current and future research works in the area. Further, relevance of the research work in the provision of health services is well articulated and sound well for a research work findings which are expected to be generalized and replicated. Evaluation In any research work, the research design and methodology which form the research protocol are entirely based on proposed research objectives. Research objectives guide the researcher in the formulation of specific, measureable, attainable, realistic and time bound activities which guide the researcher in avoiding those that are likely to interfere with the research timelines and budget. According to Kinta, B. et al. (2010), the research objective was to exp lore patient perceptions of their experiences of follow-up care after treatment for colorectal cancer. The research objective is supported by the formulated questions which the research aims at answering and which are disaggregate into a level which is easily manageable. In this case the null hypothesis assumed that the traditional method of routine hospital follow-up may be effective in the surveillance of disease recurrence, but does not always address patients’ psycho-social and information needs adequately (Kinta, B. et al. 2010). The null hypothesis assumed none effect of follow-up of cancer patients. The formulated hypothesis formed the basis for the development of research tools, data collection protocol, determination of the analysis methods and the way to report the findings. Hypothesis formulation is very important in that, they are integral parts which guide the readers on what to expect, what the research paper aimed at in addition to reducing the research questio ns into manageable components (Babbie 2007). The importance of a research article is clearly captured by the authors stating that nurse-led clinics and/or telephone follow-up by specialist nurses may be effective models of care for this particular patient group, providing appropriate access for meeting clinical, psycho-social and

Debate On Gender Difference Sociology Essay

Debate On Gender Difference Sociology Essay From the moment we born, people have already been attributed as male or female, which is classified by our biological differences of body. However, there are other characteristic, e.g. mental, social definitions of sexes, for dividing us into masculine or feminine. From the past to present, gender difference has long been a debatable topic in our society. Different approaches, mainly essentialism and constructionism, have different view on the origin of gender different. The main debate is that whether gender differences are socially constructed or derive from biological differences. In the following, I will first look back the essentialist and constructionist debate on the issue of gender difference. Then, whether gender is socially constructed in the aspect of family, education and mass media will be argued. For essentialist, it is agreed that gender differences are of an intrinsic of nature, which is related to psychological and physical differences of our body. Determined by different genes and hormones, everyone have their own particular features and attributes. That means that people are born either women or men, which depends on whether they have penis or vagina. Besides, it is argued that gender differences are propelled by natural force which resulted in inequalities between male and female. As men and women are born to be fundamentally different, it is impossible to have an equal society root and branch. Oppositely, the constructionist thinks that the gender roles are created culturally instead of biologically. They argued that gender roles are culturally resulted as our emotion, action, desire and relationships with others are affected by the society and people. As we interact with others every day, we will learn what the society expects for male and female. Through gender socialization, feminine or masculine roles will be taught to the children by various social institutions, e.g. family, region, law and so on. It is claimed that when an infant is born, gender socialization starts. We are doing gender through socially guided activities which shapes our perception of masculinity or femininity. For example, in our society, most of the women are allowed to wear dresses and high heels. While for men having this kind of dressing, they will be classified as abnormal. For this situation, the constructionist will argue that because of the society, it is socially acceptable for women to wear dresses and high heels. The society has a norm that women are allowed to have this kind of dressing and this concept shaped our mind. However, for essentialist, they will argue that it is due to the womens biological organ, women are normal for wearing dress and high heel. Instead of social construction, the distinctive biological dissimilarity of body create these differences. From the above, it is known that there is a fierce debate on whether gender is of biological differences or is socially constructed among essentialist and constructionist. To a larger extend, it is thought that gender is socially constructed. As we are living in a society that we interact with others every day, it is undeniable that gender socialization is happened to us from child to adult. In other words, both Masculinity and femininity is the result of socialization. Thus, this implies that society creates gender role and differences, which is consistent with the view of constructionist. In the following, I will explain how the gender is socially constructed by various agents, including family, education and mass media. From Lindsey (2011), Family is the most crucial primary socialization agent for children since first knowledge and value are learnt. Kimmel, 2011 also claimed that Gender socialization have begun when we born. It is believed that families have the power to affect individuals emotion, behaviors and values. So, during the process of growing of children, they will learn to understand their own gender. Norms and customs of different genders are learnt from parent primarily. When we are small, our parents encourage acts that are consistent with the norm of our gender and prevent us from doing some behavior that are of the opposite gender. For instance, girls are encouraged to play doll while boys are encouraged to play gun. For constructing gender of children by family, there are mainly four ways which is proposed by Ann Oakley. Manipulation is one of the ways that parent encourage behaviors that are appeared to be normal for the childrens gender. For example, boys are encouraged to join basketball practice while discouraged from joining ballet lessons. The second one, canalization, is that parent guides the childrens interest to the activities of their gender. One example is that girls are guided to play cooking sets. Verbal appellation which means that childrens gender are constructed through naming them. Cute girl, dont be so rude. is an apparent verbal expression which teaches the children appropriate act of their gender. The final method is by different activities. Parents usually arrange girls take part in indoor domestic activities while boys take part in outdoor activities. According social learning theory, it is stated that people learn the social behavior primarily by observing and imitating others behavior when they are young. Children spend most of their time at home with their parent which they may learn the gender role from them by observing. A recent research done by Charles (2002) supports this point. It shows that family have a gender stereotype that males generally work outside and females have caring roles. This implies that boys and girls learn this kind of role from observing their fathers and mothers behavior. In addition to family, education also plays a key role in constructing gender identity. School is a place that children are having second stage of socialization. It is clear that children spend most of the time at school after the age of three. So, Formal schooling provides a major medium for children to learn and reinforce the cultural expectations for males and females (Finn et al. 1980; Lee et al., 1994). At school, there is different treatment toward girls and boy. Teachers play a role in socializing girls towards femininity while boys toward masculinity as there must be interaction between teachers and students. From the words of the teacher, it already instills some gender characteristic for the students. For instance, girls are lauded for quiet and elegant, whereas boys are praised for active or speaking up by teachers. Clearly, role or norms of gender are shaped in this approach. Moreover, the content of textbooks or literature that is taught in the classroom may have some knowledge related to gender role. Some literatures with masculine pronoun or history that determined that role of men influence them as it may be the role models which are looking up. Besides, some gender roles are also distinguished from the curriculum. It is known that the curriculum is still different for girls and boys in some developing countries. For the case of Uganda, girls are receiving more knowledge related to family life and home while boys get information of sports or productive still. (Mirembe Davies, as cited in 9789241596435_eng, 2001) Another aspect of education which helps shaping the gender roles is the playground activities. Playground is a place that clearly distinguishes the gender role. For boys, they usually participate in sport game actively. For girls, they would have some social activities or indoor activities. Schools are made up of students with similar age and status. It is common to see that children with same gender play together. In this stage, children have already developed a much intense consciousness of gender identity. Thus, it will soon closure into a more rigid gender roles. From the above, we know that education is also one of agents which the gender constructed socially. Media contribute significantly to construction of gender in our early life. Media are the diversified media technologies that are tried to gain a large audience by mass communication. There are various kind of media, including broadcast, print, outdoor, internet, etc. Throne (1993) claimed that gender role stereotypes are often internalized by children from the media, especially television. Moreover, research done by Anderson, 1986 also shows that television influence childrens lives greatly. For teenagers, popular television drama and magazines help them develop and sustain the lifestyle of their gender through photos or dialogue. Prevalent gender ideologies or characteristics which imply gender differences are transmitted to the adolescent visually and verbally in the media. (Tinkler, 1995) For example, we seldom see male nurse in the television drama. In nowadays, since we have assumed that women are much more caring and benevolent to men, female are more suitable than male to be nurse. Again, gender differences can also be shown in the media which socially constructed the gender identity among male and female. Moreover, adolescents tend to share what they have read and saw through the media. By interaction between youngster, gender are constructed collaboratively. Moreover, it is claimed that presented gender behavior in images by music or movies help adolescents to take the idea of what meant to be a men or women. (Greenberg et al., as cited in d, 1986) When it comes to the media, gender stereotype are also found in different media, especially in propaganda. It is a powerful agent which affects our attitudes, beliefs and the values that we are of ourselves, others and the world. (1018899522353.pdf ) It is not difficult to find female or male stereotype among the news, magazines or on television. For example, advertisements promoting slimming programme and plastic surgery are found everywhere in Hong Kong, from magazine to MTRs advertisement board. Models in the propagandas are stereotyped that women should be slim, beautiful and with big breast. There are also some advertisements promoting masculinity among men. Muscular and powerful are the male characteristics which are stereotyped too. It is found that male characters were presented as a valued role model, but it were supermasculine with personal feature of aggression. (Peevers, as cited in mass media and gender, 1987). In most of the film, men are usually engaged in violent scenes of rape and kill. (Nelson, as cite in mass media and gender, 1985) This shown both good and bad men is aggressive. For instance, in film of Batman, Batman has an image that he is powerful, muscular, and aggressive in killing the bad guys. This c reates gender stereotype. As children or adolescent is easily access to these kinds of film, this kind of stereotype are easily instill in their mind which are process of gender construction. As a result, this kind of gender stereotype may change or shape the childrens view toward gender, which affect them constructing their gender. From the above, it is clear that gender is socially constructed through family, education and mass media. Besides, many socialization agents who are not mentioned play a role in shaping our gender identity. To a larger extend, it is thought that gender is socially constructed instead of biologically construct. Since we are exposed to different socialization agents every day and everywhere, it is impossible to say that we havent affected by the society. Famous sociologist George Herbert Mead also claimed that the self-identity is not present when we were first born, instead, it is developed with social experience.